Effect of pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on chronic pancreatitis stones / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the therapeutic effect and safety of pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(P-ESWL) for patients with chronic pancreatitis complicated by stones of the pancreatic duct and to investigate the influencing factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data from 81 patients with chronic pancreatitis complicated by pancreatic duct calculus treated with P-ESWL in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University from July 2019 to May 2022. There were 55 males(67.9%) and 26 females(32.1%). The age was (47±15)years (range: 17 to 77 years). The maximum diameter(M(IQR)) of the stone was 11.64(7.60) mm, and the CT value of the stone was 869 (571) HU. There were 32 patients (39.5%) with a single pancreatic duct stone and 49 patients(60.5%) with multiple pancreatic duct stones. The effectiveness, remission rate of abdominal pain, and complications of P-ESWL were evaluated. Student's t test, Mann Whitney U test, χ2 test, or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the characteristics between the effective and ineffective groups of lithotripsy. The factors influencing the effect of lithotripsy were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Eighty-one patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated with P-ESWL 144 times, with an average of 1.78 (95%CI:1.60 to 1.96) times per person. Among them, 38 patients(46.9%) were treated with endoscopy. There were 64 cases(79.0%) with effective removal of pancreatic duct calculi and 17 cases(21.0%) with ineffective removal. Of the 61 patients with chronic pancreatitis accompanied by abdominal pain, 52 cases(85.2%) had pain relief after lithotripsy. After lithotripsy treatment, 45 patients(55.6%) developed skin ecchymosis, 23 patients(28.4%) had sinus bradycardia, 3 patients(3.7%) had acute pancreatitis, 1 patient(1.2%) had a stone lesion, and 1 patient(1.2%) had a hepatic hematoma. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting the efficacy of lithotripsy included the age of patient(OR=0.92, 95%CI: 0.86 to 0.97), the maximum diameter of the stone(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.02 to 1.24) and the CT value of the stone(OR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.17 to 1.86). Conclusions: P-ESWL is effective in the treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis complicated by calculi of the main pancreatic duct.Factors affecting the efficacy of lithotripsy include patient's age, maximum stone diameter, and CT value of calculi.

Probióticos en el síndrome de intestino irritable con predominio de diarrea / Probiotics for the treatment of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Una mujer de 36 años, diagnosticada con síndrome de intestino irritable a predominio de diarrea (SII-D) acude a la consulta médica. Ella pregunta si el uso de probióticos sería útil para controlar los episodios de diarrea, ya que los fármacos con los que está siendo tratada no le resultan eficaces. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica con el objetivo de en contrar evidencia en respuesta a su consulta, tras la cual se seleccionaron dos ensayos clínicos y una revisión sistemática. Se evidenciaron diversos resultados en cuanto al uso de probióticos en el SII-D y se discutieron los riesgos y beneficios del tratamiento, así como las implicancias en la vida de la paciente. (AU)

A 36-year-old woman diagnosed with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) goes to meet the doctor. She raises whether the use of probiotics would be useful for controlling diarrhea episodes, since the drugs which she is being treated with, are not effective. A bibliographic search was conducted with the objective of finding evidence in response toher query. Two clinical trials and a systematic review were found. Variable results were found regarding the use of probioticsin D-IBS. The risks and benefits of the treatment were discussed, as well as the implications in the patient's lifestyle. (AU)

Single needle versus double needle celiac trunk neurolysis in abdominal malignancy pain management: a randomized controlled trial / Neurólise do tronco celíaco com o uso de agulha única versus agulha dupla no manejo da dor abdominal maligna: estudo randômico controlado

Abstract Background: Computerized tomography-guided celiac plexus neurolysis has become almost a safe technique to alleviate abdominal malignancy pain. We compared the single needle technique with changing patients' position and the double needle technique using posterior anterocrural approach. Methods: In Double Needles Celiac Neurolysis Group (n = 17), we used two needles posterior anterocrural technique injecting 12.5 mL phenol 10% on each side in prone position. In Single Needle Celiac Neurolysis Group (n = 17), we used single needle posterior anterocrural approach. 25 mL of phenol 10% was injected from left side while patients were in left lateral position then turned to right side. The monitoring parameters were failure block rate and duration of patient positioning, technique time, Visual Analog Scale, complications (hypotension, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, neurological damage and infection) and rescue analgesia. Results: The failure block rate and duration of patient positioning significantly increased in double needles celiac neurolysis vs. single needle celiac neurolysis (30.8% vs. 0%; 13.8 ± 1.2 vs. 8.9 ± 1; p = 0.046, p ≤ 0.001 respectively). Also, the technique time increased significantly in double needles celiac neurolysis than single needle celiac neurolysis (24.5 ± 5.1 vs. 15.4 ± 1.8; p ≤ 0.001). No significant differences existed as regards Visual Analog Scale: double needles celiac neurolysis = 2 (0-5), 2 (0-4), 3 (0-6), 3 (2-6) and single needle celiac neurolysis = 3 (0-5), 2 (0-5), 2 (0-4), 4 (2-6) after 1 day, 1 week, 1 and 3 months respectively. However, Visual Analog Scale in each group reduced significantly compared with basal values (p ≤ 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences as regards rescue analgesia and complications (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Single needle celiac neurolysis with changing patients' position has less failure block rate, less procedure time, shorter duration of patient positioning than double needles celiac neurolysis in abdominal malignancy.

Resumo Introdução: A neurólise do plexo celíaco guiada por tomografia computadorizada tornou-se uma técnica quase segura para aliviar a dor abdominal maligna. Comparamos a técnica de agulha única mudando o posicionamento do paciente e a técnica de agulha dupla usando a abordagem anterocrural posterior. Métodos: No grupo designado para neurólise celíaca com agulha dupla (n = 17), a técnica de abordagem anterocrural posterior foi utilizada com duas agulhas para injetar 12,5 mL de fenol a 10% de cada lado em decúbito ventral. No grupo designado para neurólise celíaca com agulha única (n = 17), a abordagem anterocrural posterior foi utilizada com uma única agulha para injetar 25 mL de fenol a 10% do lado esquerdo com o paciente em decúbito lateral esquerdo e posteriormente virado para o lado direito. Os parâmetros de monitorização foram a taxa de falha dos bloqueios e a duração do posicionamento dos pacientes, o tempo da técnica, os escores da escala visual analógica, as complicações (hipotensão, diarreia, vômitos, hemorragia, dano neurológico e infecção) e a analgesia de resgate. Resultados: A taxa de falha dos bloqueios e a duração do posicionamento dos pacientes aumentaram significativamente na neurólise celíaca com o uso de agulha dupla vs. agulha única (30,8% vs. 0%,13,8 ± 1,2 vs. 8,9 ± 1; p = 0,046, p ≤ 0,001, respectivamente). Além disso, o tempo da técnica foi significativamente maior na neurólise celíaca com agulha dupla que na neurólise celíaca com agulha única (24,5 ± 5,1 vs. 15,4 ± 1,8; p ≤ 0,001). Não houve diferença significativa em relação aos escores da escala visual analógica: neurólise celíaca com agulha dupla = 2 (0-5), 2 (0-4), 3 (0-6), 3 (2-6) e neurolise celíaca com agulha única = 3 (0-5), 2 (0-5), 2 (0-4), 4 (2-6) após um dia,uma semana, um e três meses, respectivamente. No entanto, os escores da escala visual analógica para cada grupo foram significativamente menores comparados aos valores basais (p ≤ 0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à analgesia de resgate e complicações (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A neurólise celíaca com o uso de agulha única e a alteração do posicionamento do paciente apresenta uma taxa menor de falha do bloqueio, menos tempo de procedimento e menor duração do posicionamento do paciente que o uso de duas agulhas para neurólise celíaca em malignidade abdominal.

Tumor ovárico del seno endodérmico (Yolk Sac). Dolor abdominal en el puerperio inmediato como síntoma diagnóstico / Endodermal sinus ovarian tumor (Yolk Sac). Abdominal pain in the immediate puerperium as a diagnostic symptom

RESUMEN Los tumores del seno endodérmico ovárico (Yolk Sac), son neoplasias malignas de origen germinal, que se caracterizan por su diferenciación embriológica a partir de estructuras del saco vitelino. Son tumoraciones muy infrecuentes, de crecimiento rápido y que suelen desarrollarse en adolescentes y mujeres jóvenes, en edad reproductiva. Su diagnóstico se basa en la combinación de pruebas de imagen asociado a niveles plasmáticos elevados de marcadores tumorales como la alfafetoproteína. El manejo terapéutico es eminentemente quirúrgico (pudiendo ser conservador en pacientes con deseo genésico no cumplido), asociado a pautas de quimioterapia sistémica combinada con bleomicina, etopósido y platino. Exponemos el caso de una paciente que en el puerperio tardío, presenta un cuadro clínico de dolor, distensión abdominal y fiebre, siendo diagnosticada tras el tratamiento quirúrgico y el estudio histológico posterior, de un tumor del seno endodérmico ovárico.

ABSTRACT Ovarian endodermal sinus tumors (Yolk Sac), are malignant neoplasms of germinal origin, which are characterized by their embryological differentiation from yolk sac structures. These tumors are very infrequent, of rapid growth and tend to develop in adolescents and young women of reproductive age. Its diagnosis is based on the combination of imaging tests associated with high plasma levels of tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein. The therapeutic management is eminently surgical (with a more conservative approach reserved for patients still considering later pregnancy), associated with patterns of systemic chemotherapy combined with bleomycin, etoposide and platinum. We present the case of a patient who, in the late puerperium, presents symptoms of pain, abdominal distension and fever, being diagnosed after the surgical treatment and the subsequent histological study of a tumor of the endodermal ovarian sinus.

Efectividad del masaje en el área abdominal para la reducción de los cólicos del lactante / Effectiveness of massage in the abdominal area to reduce infant colic / Eficácia da massagem na região abdominal para reduzir cólica infantil

ResumenIntroducción. El cólico del lactante es una afección benigna que pueden experimentar los menores de seis meses; no obstante, aunque no pone en peligro su vida, puede convertirse en una experiencia traumática para los padres y la familia, además de resultar muy molesto para el mismo lactante.Método. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se utilizó la metodología investigativa de práctica de enfermería basada en la evidencia (PEBE), se planteó una pregunta clínica y se realizó búsquedas electrónicas en MEDLINE, SIBDI, Google académico, PubMed, Cochrane Library Plus. Después de establecer los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y análisis crítico, se seleccionó cuatro documentos que respondieran a la pregunta clínica.Resultados. Ningún estudio respondió directamente a la pregunta, sin embargo, varias investigaciones confirman que el masaje reduce las horas de llanto, influye en el estado de ánimo del lactante y promueve un cambio de actitud de los padres ante los eventos benignos de los cólicos del lactante.Conclusión.El cólico del lactante es uno de los principales problemas que enfrentan los padres y los lactantes sanos menores de seis meses, por lo que es una consulta para los profesionales de salud que los atienden. No existe base científica de que el masaje abdominal modifique en algún aspecto orgánico el tracto digestivo, pero sí existe evidencia de cambios en el comportamiento de los lactantes, reducción de las horas de llanto y mejoramiento de las horas de sueño, además mejora la actitud de los padres ante las molestias que los lactantes pueden experimentar durante los periodos de cólicos.

AbstractIntroduction. Infantile colic is a benign condition that may experience less than six months; however, although not life threatening, it can become a traumatic experience for parents and family, as well as being very annoying for the same infant.Method. For the development of this work practice research methodology based on evidence (PEBE) was used nurses, a clinical question was raised and electronic searches of MEDLINE, SIBDI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library Plus. After establishing the criteria for inclusion and exclusion and critical analysis, four documents to answer the clinical question he was selected.Results. No study directly answer the question, however, several studies confirms that massage reduces hours of crying, influences mood infant and promotes a change in attitude of parents to benign events colic infant.Conclusion. Infantile colic is one of the main problems that parents and children six months healthy infants face, so it is a query for health professionals who serve them. There is no scientific basis that abdominal massage alter some organic aspect the digestive tract, but there is evidence of changes in the behavior of infants, reduction of hours of crying and improving sleep, and improves attitude parents to the discomfort that infants may experience during periods of colic.

ResumoIntrodução. Cólica infantil é uma condição benigna que pode experimentar menos de seis meses; No entanto, embora não seja uma ameaça à vida, ela pode se tornar uma experiência traumática para os pais e familiares, bem como sendo muito irritante para a mesma criança.Método. Para o desenvolvimento desta metodologia de pesquisa prática de trabalho com base em evidências (PEBE) foi utilizado enfermeiros, uma questão clínica foi levantada e buscas eletrônicas do MEDLINE, SIBDI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Biblioteca Cochrane Plus. Depois de estabelecer os critérios de inclusão e exclusão e análise crítica, quatro documentos para responder à pergunta clínica ele foi selecionado.Resultados. Nenhum estudo responder directamente à questão, no entanto, vários estudos confirmam que a massagem reduz as horas de choro, influências humor infantil e promove uma mudança de atitude dos pais para eventos cólica benigna infantil.Conclusão. cólica infantil é um dos principais problemas que as crianças os pais e crianças de seis meses saudáveis enfrentam, por isso é uma consulta para profissionais de saúde que os atendem. Não há base científica que a massagem abdominal alterar algum aspecto orgânico do trato digestivo, mas não há evidências de mudanças no comportamento das crianças, redução da jornada de choro e melhorar o sono e melhora a atitude pais para o desconforto que as crianças podem experimentar durante os períodos de cólica.

Tratamiento endoscópico en la pancreatitis crónica: seguimiento a largo plazo / Endoscopic treatment in chronic pancreatitis: long-term results in 18 patients

Background: Intraductal stones, ductal abnormalities and pancreatic pseudocysts are part of chronic pancreatitis (CP). The goal of treatment is pain relief, resolution of local complications and relapse prevention. Endoscopic therapy (ET) can be considered in those who do not respond to medical treatment. Aim: To evaluate the indication, immediate and long-term results of ET in CP patients. Patients and Methods: Review of a database of patients with CP analyzing results of ET in 18 patients aged 16 to 60 years (13 males). Demographics, etiology, endoscopic technique, indication for treatment, pain relief, relapses and complications were recorded. Results: The etiology of CP was alcohol consumption in 5, idiopathic in 11, hereditary in one and autoimmune in one case. The follow-up period was 6 months to 14 years. Seven patients had diabetes mellitus type 3c and eight had moderate to severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatic papillotomy was performed in all patients, with removal of some stones, without attempting a complete clearance of the pancreatic duct. In addition, a 7-10 French stent was placed in the main pancreatic duct in 15 patients with varying permanence (months to years). The stent was changed guided by recurrence of clinical symptoms. During the follow-up period, 10 patients remained asymptomatic and in three, pain or relapse were significantly reduced. Stenting failed in one patient for technical reasons. Two patients were operated. There were neither immediate nor late complications from ET. Conclusions: Long-lasting improvement of CP was observed in 13 of 18 patients treated with ET, without complications associated with the procedure.

Health and Labour from the Perspective of Railway Dock workers in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Saúde e Trabalho na visão de trabalhadores da estiva do Porto Ferroviário, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The main goal of this study is to understand and analyse the perspective of dockworkers on health and labour at the Railway Dry Port of the Municipality of Uruguaiana in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Sixteen dockworkers participated in the study under the methodological approach of qualitative research. The fieldwork was conducted through individual interviews by applying a semi-structured research script with open-ended questions. For the data analysis, the "discourse analysis" method was adopted, leading to the definition of five thematic categories of interpretation. From the perspective of dockworkers, dock work differs in both the weight of toil, which is hard and intense, and the sense of satisfaction regarding the collaborative and collective aspect of labour, emphasising the human side of labour. Several reports on work accidents and the identification of hazards that may be avoided by implementing changes in the organisation and work conditions were also noted.

O objetivo principal deste artigo é conhecer e analisar a visão dos trabalhadores da estiva sobre a saúde e o trabalho no Porto Seco Ferroviário, do Município de Uruguaiana, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram do estudo dezesseis estivadores sob a perspectiva metodológica da pesquisa qualitativa. O trabalho de campo ocorreu mediante a realização de entrevistas individuais, por meio da aplicação de um roteiro de pesquisa semiestruturado com perguntas abertas. Quanto à análise dos dados, foi adotada a técnica de "análise do discurso", chegando-se à definição de cinco categorias temáticas de interpretação. Constatou-se que, na perspectiva dos trabalhadores, o trabalho na estiva se distingue tanto pelo peso da labuta, árdua e intensa, quanto pelo sentido de satisfação no tocante ao aspecto colaborativo e coletivo do trabalho, enfatizando o lado humano do labor. Observaram-se ainda muitos relatos sobre acidentes de trabalho e a identificação de riscos que podem ser evitados mediante a implementação de mudanças na organização e nas condições de trabalho.

Dolor abdominal agudo / Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is one of the most frequent causes of medical consultation in emergency urgent care centers. ER doctors must be capable of recognizing those cases requiring medical treatment and those requiring emergency surgery. Clinical history and physical examination are still the basis for diagnosis, and will guide decisions regarding lab tests and more safe and specific imaging. There are diagnosis such as abdominal pain of unknown origin, gastritis and constipation proven to be associated to error, therefore a stricter follow-up is recommended for these cases. Appendicitis still poses a challenge for diagnosis and if there is clinical suspicion, particularly in young patients and/or women in reproductive age, the recommended approach is ultrasound followed by CT scan (pelvis and abdomen), in case the former is not conclusive. There are special conditions for pregnant and elderly patients regarding imaging tests. During pregnancy, ultrasound and MRI are preferred, whereas CT scan is preferred in case of the elderly, except when biliary disease is suspected, in this case ultrasound is the preferred approach.

El dolor abdominal agudo es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta a los servicios de urgencia. Los médicos de urgencia deben tener presente su amplio diagnóstico diferencial, y ser capaces de distinguir aquellos casos que requieren un manejo médico o quirúrgico de urgencia. La historia clínica y examen físico siguen siendo las armas fundamentales para el diagnóstico, que guiarán el estudio de laboratorio y la selección de imágenes más segura y de mejor sensibilidad y especificidad. Existen diagnósticos como el dolor abdominal no precisado, gastritis y constipación, que han demostrado estar asociados a error, por lo que se sugiere un seguimiento más estricto en estos casos. La apendicitis sigue siendo un desafío diagnóstico y frente a sospecha clínica, especialmente en jóvenes y/o mujeres en edad fértil, el enfrentamiento diagnóstico con imágenes recomendado es el ultrasonido, seguido de la tomografía computarizada (TC) de abdomen y pelvis, si el primero es no concluyente o negativo. La embarazada y el adulto mayor tienen condiciones especiales, y en cuanto a imágenes, se prefiere el ultrasonido y la resonancia magnética en la primera y la TC precoz en el adulto mayor, excepto cuando hay sospecha de patología biliar donde siempre es de elección el ultrasonido.

Dolor abdominal en urgencia / Abdominal pain in urgency

Abdominal pain is one of the most important and frequent complaints that seek resolution in the emergency departments arround the globe. Despite its high frequency and the improvement in diagnostic resources, delays and pitfalls are still present now a days. Emergency Medicine approach towards these patients focusses in ruling out severe and life threatening pathology, and appropriate management (amount of exams either blood tests or images), and pain medication of those patients which are rated as with minor risk. One of the most important goals is fast and effective pain management, while the use of new complementary diagnostic tools allow risk stratification, specially considering atypical presentations, as elderly population, immunocompromised patients or those with previous bariatric surgery...

Chilaiditi Syndrome – A Diagnosis not to be Missed.

Chilaiditi Syndrome is the transposition of right colon in between liver and right hemidiaphragm. This is a rare syndrome which can be easily mistaken for more serious abnormality like perforated viscus. Here we report on elderly female who presented with Chilaiditi Syndrome.

Síndrome da dor abdominal funcional: abordagem diagnóstica e manejo atual / Functional abdominal pain syndrome: diagnostic approach and current manegement

Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica sobre dor abdominal funcional, com o propósito de abordar, de maneira prática e objetiva, o diagnóstico e tratamento desta síndrome.

A bibliographic review concerning functional abdominal pain is presented. Its purpose is to present a clinical, diagnosis and treatment approach of this syndrome in a practical and objective manner.

Degeneration of Leiomyoma in Patients Referred for Uterine Fibroid Embolization: Incidence, Imaging Features and Clinical Characteristics

PURPOSE: Imaging features and clinical characteristics of degenerated leiomyoma in patients referred for uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) were analyzed to assess the incidence of degenerated leiomyoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients referred for UFE between 2008 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed (n=276). Patients ranged in age from 27 to 51 years (mean 38.0 years). All patients underwent screening MRI with contrast enhancement. Medical histories and clinical symptoms were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 276 patients who underwent MRI, 14 (5.1%) showed degenerated leiomyomas. Symptoms were abdominal pain (n=4, 26.7%), menorrhagia (n=5, 35.7%) and bulk-related symptoms (n=5, 35.7%) and no symptoms (n=5, 35.7%). Of the 14 patients with degenerated leiomyomas, 5 (42.9%) had a history of pregnancy in the past two years. For T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), a high signal intensity (SI) of the leiomyoma was the most common finding (n=9, 64.3%) and a hyperintense rim (n=4, 28.6%) was the second most common. On T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), a low SI of the leiomyoma was found in six patients (42.9%), a high SI in four (28.6%) and a heterogeneous SI in four (28.6%) patients. Conservative management was performed in 11 (78.6%) patients, surgery in 3 (21.4%) and uterine artery embolization in one (7.1%) patient. CONCLUSION: The incidence of degeneration of leiomyoma in patients referred for UFE was 5.1%. Patients presented with variable clinical symptoms with or without a history of pregnancy. MR imaging showed a high SI on T1WI and various SIs on T2WI without contrast enhancement. An understanding of the degeneration of leiomyomata is essential when considering UFE.

Dolor abdominal crónico en pediatría / Chronic abdominal pain in children

Chronic Abdominal Pain (CAP) in children is a common cause to seek medical care. This paper summarizes current physiological and biochemical concepts that help in understanding the symptomatology. A review of the main etiological causes connected to CAP is offered, as well as a systematic process to evaluate and diagnose each. Recommendations for management and referral are provided.

El dolor abdominal crónico en niños es una causa común de consulta médica. El presente trabajo resume los conceptos fisiológicos y bioquímicos actuales que apuntan hacia el cabal entendimiento de la sintomatología. En este artículo se presenta una revisión de las principales causales etiológicas asociadas al dolor abdominal crónico, como asimismo un proceso sistemático para evaluar y diagnosticar cada caso. Igualmente, se proporcionan recomendaciones para su manejo y derivación a especialista.

Pancreatitis crónica: nuevas terapias / Chronic pancreatitis: new therapies

Chronic pancreatitis occurs by the prolonged inflammation of pancreatic tissue that induces the irreversible destruction of the organ, leading to a global pancreatic insufficiency. The most common manifestations are abdominal pain, diarrhea, malabsorption, and possibly diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis treatment includes dietary restrictions, enzymatic supplementation, vitamins, and endoscopic or surgical methods depending on the degree of ductal involvement. In addition to the known therapies, new therapies are under development and research.

La pancreatitis crónica se desarrolla por la inflamación prolongada del tejido pancreático que induce la destrucción irreversible del órgano, llevando a una insuficiencia pancreática global. Las manifestaciones más frecuentes son dolor abdominal, diarrea, malabsorción y eventualmente diabetes mellitus. El tratamiento en pancreatitis crónica incluye restricciones dietarias, suplementación enzimática, vitamínica, y métodos endoscópicos o quirúrgicos, dependiendo del grado de compromiso ductal. Además de lo descrito, están en desarrollo y experimentación nuevas terapias.

Dolor abdominal recurrente (dar) o crónico en niños y adolescentes / Recurrent or chronic abdominal pain in childrens and adolescents

El dolor abdominal crónico es muy frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Los criterios de Roma III permiten hacer el diagnóstico de las diferentes entidades con dolor abdominal funcional, en base a la sintomatología, y no como de exclusión. Actualmente se propone una etiología biopsicosocial, que obliga a una aproximación integrada para ofrecer tratamiento centrado en la sintomatología de cada paciente pudiendo combinarse cambios en la alimentación, fármacos e intervenciones psicosociales. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes mejora al tranquilizarlos y con el tiempo, una proporción significativa sigue con sintomatología intensa y discapacitante en la adultez.

Chronic abdominal pain is common in childhood. Rome III criteria allows the diagnosis of different entities with functional abdominal pain, based on by symptoms, rather than exclusion. The biopsychosocial etiology proposed currently, requires an integrated approach to provide focused treatment to each patient's symptoms and may combine changes in food, drugs and psychosocial interventions. Although most patients will improve with reassurance and time, a significant number of patients continue to have intense and disabling symptoms in adulthood.

Chronic abdominal pain in children.

Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It affects about 10% of school-going children and adolescents. Few Indian studies have reported an organic cause in 30%–40% of children with recurrent abdominal pain. In developing countries, parasitic infestations such as giardiasis and ascariasis are an important cause of recurrent abdominal pain but their frequency has decreased over time. There is a paucity of data from India on the aetiology, epidemiology and management strategies for CAP, and there is no consensus on the clinical approach to this problem. We present a practical approach to CAP in children. The first step is to elicit a detailed history and do a thorough physical examination so as to categorize CAP according to the site of pain (epigastric, periumbilical or left lower quadrant), the predominant symptom associated with pain (dyspepsia, isolated pain or altered bowel habits) and to differentiate the pain as organic or functional based on the characteristics of pain and presence or absence of alarm signs. The second step is to do appropriate investigations, restricted to simple tests when functional pain is suspected (Level I) and more investigations (Level Ia) if there are alarm signs and pain appears to be organic in nature. Invasive investigations such as gastrointestinal endoscopy (Level II) may be reserved for those with possible organic pain. Level III investigations need to be done in a small percentage of children and include EEG, workup for food allergy and porphyria. The third step is management of organic CAP according to the aetiology, while for functional CAP the pharmacological and, rarely, psychological intervention is more difficult but should be done discreetly and tailored to the needs of the child.